Prioritizing DNA Over Dogma in Dog Breeding: neotenic (juvenile) features were favored for their "cute" appearance
As dogs transitioned from working roles to companionship, their physical appearance became more important to their owners.
by, Travis McCracken
Prioritizing DNA Over Dogma in Dog Breeding, genetic bias
(under our very noses tsk tsk)
Brachycephalic dogs, characterized by their "smushed-in" faces, include breeds such as Bulldogs, Pugs, and Shih Tzus.
Evolutionary Biology and Selective Breeding
The deliberate selection of phenotypic traits through breeding practices has profoundly shaped the morphology of brachycephalic breeds. Breeders prioritized shorter muzzles and larger eyes, which were deemed aesthetically pleasing. This selective pressure led to the fixation of genetic variants responsible for brachycephaly.
Brachycephaly in dogs is attributed to specific genetic mutations that affect craniofacial development. Notably, mutations in genes such as BMP3 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3) play a crucial role in this phenotype. BMP3 is involved in the regulation of bone morphogenesis and skeletal development, influencing the cranial shape and structure.
The anatomical alterations in brachycephalic dogs result in a spectrum of health issues collectively known as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS).
This syndrome encompasses several pathophysiological conditions.
The reduced nasal and pharyngeal space leads to chronic airway obstruction, causing dyspnea and exercise intolerance. The excessive length of the soft palate obstructs the airway, exacerbating breathing difficulties. Stenotic nares impede airflow, necessitating corrective surgical procedures such as rhinoplasty to improve ventilation.
The shallow orbits result in prominent eyes, predisposing these dogs to proptosis, corneal ulcers, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The inward rolling of the eyelids causes corneal irritation and ulceration, requiring surgical intervention.
The shortened maxilla and mandible lead to dental overcrowding and misalignment, increasing the risk of periodontal disease. The compromised airway and reduced panting efficiency impair thermoregulation, predisposing brachycephalic dogs to heatstroke and hyperthermia.
The appeal of brachycephalic dogs can be examined through the lens of ethology and human psychology. Konrad Lorenz's "Kindchenschema" describes the innate human response to infantile features, which include large eyes and a rounded face. This response elicits caregiving behaviors and emotional attachment, contributing to the popularity of brachycephalic breeds as pets.
The health challenges associated with brachycephalic breeds raise significant ethical concerns regarding selective breeding practices. The prioritization of aesthetic traits over health and functionality necessitates a reevaluation of breeding standards.
Some regions are implementing regulations to curb the breeding of dogs with extreme brachycephalic features. For example, the Netherlands has introduced measures to prevent the propagation of dogs with severe respiratory issues, though this does seem extreme lol but highlights the importance.
Organizations such as the British Veterinary Association advocate for responsible breeding practices and public education on the health implications of brachycephalic breeds. These efforts aim to promote genetic diversity and prioritize the welfare of these dogs.
DNA Over Dogma: A New Approach to Breeding
The paradigm of breeding must shift from a focus on aesthetic traits to one that prioritizes genetic health and long-term sustainability. The concept of "DNA over dogma" emphasizes the importance of genetic integrity and health over traditional breed standards.
Increasing genetic diversity within breeding populations can reduce the prevalence of inherited health issues. By promoting heterozygosity, breeders can enhance the overall vitality and resilience of the breed.
The use of genomic selection tools allows breeders to identify and select for genetic markers associated with health and longevity, rather than solely focusing on physical traits.
The breeding of Irish Wolfhounds serves as a model for incorporating genetic health into breeding practices. Historically, these dogs faced severe health issues, but through concerted efforts to enhance genetic diversity and select for health traits, the breed's longevity and quality of life have improved.
-By adopting a similar approach for brachycephalic breeds, focusing on long-term genetic health and functionality, it is possible to create healthier, more resilient dog populations. This shift requires collaboration between geneticists, veterinarians, and responsible breeders.
Recent veterinary studies have shown that brachycephalic dogs have a significantly shorter lifespan compared to other breeds due to their congenital health issues. Research by the Royal Veterinary College in the UK has highlighted the urgency of addressing these health concerns.
Breeders selectively mated dogs with shorter muzzles and larger eyes to enhance these desirable traits, leading to the brachycephalic breeds we see today.
Humans are biologically predisposed to respond to infantile features, a response known as "Kindchenschema," described by ethologist Konrad Lorenz. This response triggers caregiving behaviors, making brachycephalic dogs particularly appealing as pets.
The tendency of humans to attribute human characteristics to animals (anthropomorphism) plays a role in the popularity of brachycephalic breeds. Their expressive faces and perceived “smiling” appearance make them seem more relatable and endearing to people.
The health issues associated with brachycephalic breeds raise ethical concerns about selective breeding practices. There is a growing movement within the veterinary and breeding communities to address these issues by promoting healthier breeding standards.
Fuck these know nothing kennel clubs, i suppose is what i am saying here ;)
